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刘炜,张春景,夏翠娟.万维网时代的规范控制[J].中国图书馆学报,2015,41(3):22~33

Authority Control for the Web

万维网时代的规范控制

DOI：10.13530/j.cnki.jlis.150014

Key words:Authority control Bibliographic control Semantic web Linked data

基金项目:本文系上海市哲学社会科学课题基金项目“基于书目控制的网络信息资源的规范控制方法”(编号:2009BTQ001)和国家社科基金项目“关联数据的理论和应用研究”(编号:11BTQ041)的研究成果之一

Author Name	Affiliation	E-mail
LIU Wei	上海图书馆,上海上海 200031	wliu@libnet.sh.cn
ZHANG Chunjing	上海图书馆,上海上海 200031
XIA Cuijuan	上海图书馆,上海上海 200031

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Abstract:

“Organizing and accessing all kinds of knowledge of mankind” is the ultimate goal for bibliographic control. Authority control as the major means for bibliographic control, evolved with library cataloguing at the very beginning. The collection of authority records called authority file is one of MARC standard formats. Authority files play a vital role in the traditional library catalog system. It refers to the preferred value of headings, and determines the precision ratio of retrieval, and provides an authoritative reference for the future cataloging. In order to implement authority control, there must be two elements:a set of cataloguing rules and a set of authority records which are very essential. So the traditional authority control contains a set of rules and records to regulate the title, creator and keywords and so on.
    Many international organizations such as IFLA and national libraries have made great efforts in bibliographic control for decades and invested enormous labors. A lot of large authority files including millions of names and vocabularies have been published, which play a significant role in organizing recorded knowledge. However, authority control has never accomplished the original goal of “Organizing all the knowledge for the mankind”. There have been different nations with different rules, and a lot of major attributes without authority controlled values. The defect of manual work and the imperfection of catalogue rules are the main enemies. But the fundamental cause of the flaws is that the technology at that time can not provide the adequate support for the purpose of authority control. The difficulties to achieve a strict consistency in implementing the cataloging rules have been greatly underestimated.
    The nature of authority control is to keep the consistency of bibliographic records. The “description” including two procedures:the first is to understand, abstract and conceptualize the properties featured in bibliographic objects; the second is to represent the properties with semiotic system such as a kind of written language.So the nature of authority control is to construct a relation between the conceptualization and the representation. Bibliographic system should provide a authority control mechanism to strictly conform to the consistency of concept representation, and make it independent of people, time or other environmental factors.
    The emerging semantic web technology has just provided an excellent platform for authority control. The Linked Data technology offers an abstract model to separate the concept from its representation. It provides a capability to search all the attribute fields in bibliographic records as controlled values. Authority files can be encoded with RDF, SKOS or OWL schema. Thus, all cataloguing rules and specific rules (RDA/AACR2) can be encoded with semantic statements and integrated into the process of authority control.
    Many international organizations are implementing and providing authority control services with semantic technologies, for example, BIBFRAME of Library of Congress, VIAF project of OCLC, Open Authority project, Wikidata project, etc.. These projects reflect a trend that the knowledge organization experiences of traditional libraries are still valuable for the information management in the internet era. The merits of bibliographic control in librarianship have contributed a lot to our society in history, and it will be still enlightening our civilization with the new information technology and foster our career to the utmost. 4 figs. 1 tab. 22 refs.

中文摘要:

图书馆书目控制的理想是“搜罗并整序人类所有知识”， “规范控制”是从图书馆编目工作中发展起来的一项工作。然而规范控制从来没有很好地实现设计时的初衷，根本原因是思想太超前，而技术不成熟，又低估了人为执行规则并保证其一致性的难度。当前的语义万维网技术为规范控制提供一种绝好的实现平台，关联数据技术提供了概念与其表示完全独立的表达模型，可以基于书目信息中的所有属性特征，进行规范的、基于概念的检索。许多大型机构都在利用新的技术开发和研究规范控制服务，例如美国国会图书馆的BIBFRAME书目框架格式草案、OCLC的虚拟国际规范档，以及OpenAuthority项目和Wikidata项目等。这些努力反映了一种发展趋势，图书馆行业数百年积累起来的书目控制经验，如果能充分利用好现代信息技术所提供的强大工具，不仅能实现过去没有实现的理想，而且能在更大范围内发扬光大。图4。表1。参考文献22。

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