| 曹磊.1945—1952年美国占领期间日本公共图书馆的改革历程[J].中国图书馆学报,2015,41(6):29~43 |
| Japanese Public Library Reform During U.S. Occupation from1945 to 1952 |
| 1945—1952年美国占领期间日本公共图书馆的改革历程 |
| Received:July 10, 2015 Revised:August 26, 2015 |
| DOI：10.13530/j.cnki.jlis.156003 |
| Key words:Library history Public library reform Japan US Culture export |
| 中文关键词: 图书馆史 公共图书馆改革 日本 美国 文化输出 |
| 基金项目: |
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| Abstract: |
During American occupation of Japan from 1945-1952, GHQ/SCAP carried out a comprehensive social reform in Japan to eliminate militarism. In the reorientation and reeducation policy, public library was considered as a tool for disseminating democracy. Japanese public libraries at that time were unable to take this responsibility. So public library reform began as early as 1946.
There were four main steps in the reform. First, to establish CIE libraries, which introduced American style public library services and models to Japanese people and library community. Second, to appoint CIE library officers, whose duty was to guide the Japanese government and library community and coordinate the Japanese side and the U.S. side in a way of “Friday Meeting”. Third, to promote public library legislation, which was a core work of the reform. Forth, to develop training system by setting up library science in tertiary education like Keio University and in service training around Japan.
From 1946 to 1950,under the mechanism formed by library officers as a core, Japanese government as the executive, and Japanese library community as a participant, Japanese public libraries had been transformed in idea, service, operation and professional training. There were three main stages in the reform. The first stage （1946.3-1947.4) was called “the time of Keeney”. Keeney, the first CIE library officer, planned to build a national network of public library service, which finally failed to be carried out. In the second stage （1947.5-1949.3), the Japanese library community made many drafts of library act. Because of the cold war at that time, the GHQ/SCAP didn’t have its focus on public library reform so that legislation was delayed. In the third stage （1949.4-1950.8), Japanese library community realized that close relationship with the Japanese government was the key to successful library legislation and the Library Act was finally passed in 1950.
In the reform, America acted as a conductor and planner who prioritized its own interests. The reform was basically successful, but at the same time problematical. Japanese government, the particular executive, had followed Americans steps rigidly. Japanese library community had participated the entire reform. After Library Act was passed, Japanese library community strived to put the principles and requirements of the law in place, so that Japanese public libraries could gradually catch up with the levels of Europe and United States.
The reform, an epitome of education, culture and society reform in Japan, was a great event in Japanese public library history. It was also an example of American culture exportation to postwar Japan, which led to Japanese Americanization both in material and spirit aspects. 26 refs.
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| 中文摘要: |
| 年到1952年美国占领日本期间,盟军总部通过设立CIE图书馆,设置图书馆担当官,推动图书馆立法和促进专业队伍建设等举措,在以图书馆担当官为核心、日本政府具体执行、图书馆界参与的体制之下,对日本公共图书馆理念、服务、运营和人才培养等多方面进行现代化改造,打造新的公共图书馆体系。这是日本图书馆发展史上的重大事件。美国出于自身利益考虑,转变占领初期支持民主改革的政策,影响到改革的进程。改革在1946年起步,在历经起步、展开与转折、收尾的主要阶段之后,1950年《图书馆法》正式出台,标志着改革基本结束。总体上,日本公共图书馆的转型较为成功,但是也存在一些问题。改革是战后美国文化输出的具体例证。 |
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