| 陈力.中国古代雕版印刷术起源新论[J].中国图书馆学报,2016,42(2):4~17 |
| A New View of the Origin of Woodblock Printing |
| 中国古代雕版印刷术起源新论 |
| Received:January 04, 2016 |
| DOI：10.13530/j.cnki.jlis.160007 |
| Key words:Woodblock printing Origin Application Social demands Cultural development |
| 中文关键词: 雕版印刷术 起源 应用 社会需求 文化发展 |
| 基金项目: |
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| Abstract: |
The invention of printing has changed the mode of cultural communication and advanced social progress Therefore, the origin of woodblock printing has been attracting the attention of scholars The invention and application of printing was deeply rooted in social and cultural conditions Social demands give impetus to applying an invention.
The engraving in China has a fairly early origin. The “in reverse” texts in the copper mould for casting metallic coin in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, stone steles in the Qin and Han Dynasties as well as scriptures cut on rocks in the Han and Wei Dynasties are similar to woodblock carving. Rubbing and seal techniques are the same as printing in principle, which can be considered one of the origins of printing. Existing scriptures cut on rocks in the Eastern Han Dynasty, seals in the pre-Qin period, rubbings of scriptures cut on rocks in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and seals of Huangshen with as many as 120 characters inscribed on each of them in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and etc. are some examples Letterpress printing was used to dye textiles in no later than the early Western Han Dynasty Letterpress printing is exactly the same as woodblock printing in principle and the quality of letterpress products was comparable to woodblock printing in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The silk fabrics made with letter pressing excavated in the Han Dynasty Tomb 1 in Mawangdui in Changsha, and the copper relief block and textiles excavated in the Tomb of Nanyue King in the Guangzhou Province are exemplars.
However, woodblock printing was not used to print books for a long time due to social and economic development levels More directly, it was related to the development of culture, education and religion before the Sui and Tang Dynasties That is, the social demands for large-scale printing of materials had not taken shape Therefore, the application of woodblock printing was not driven by sufficient demands and the market environment was not ready. Woodblock printing was used to printing books primarily because of three factors The first was the social demand for religious books The second was the promotion of education due to the imperial examination system and the demand for massive production of specific examination books. The third was the great demand for necessities in daily life such as calendars and dictionaries which must be printed easily and inexpensive. Therefore, the application and promotion of woodblock printing was more the result of social development than technological development.
Plenty of materials have shown that woodblock printing was widely used to produce books in no later than the early Tang Dynasty in China when the stencil and ink printing techniques had become mature. At first sealing was used and later brushing was developed as contents to be printed became more complex. 34 refs.
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| 中文摘要: |
| 雕版印刷术的起源问题一直备受学界关注。在印刷技术发明与应用的背后,有其更为深刻的社会与文化原因。中国雕刻起源较早,殷周时铜笵上之反镌文字、秦汉之石刻碑碣、汉魏之石经,与印刷雕版之形制相近；捶拓技术、玺印技术与印刷术的原理相同,可视为印刷术的源头之一。至迟在西汉前期,较为成熟的凸版印刷技术已经应用于纺织品印染,其原理与雕版印刷术相同,其精美程度也不亚于宋元以后的雕版印刷品。但在此后很长时期,雕版印刷技术并未用于图书复制,这与隋唐以前的文化、教育、宗教发展进程有关,即文献大规模批量复制的社会需求尚未形成,雕版印刷技术的应用尚未有足够的需求驱动,也缺乏必要的市场环境。直接催生雕版印刷术用于图书复制的原因有三:一是宗教类图书的大规模社会化需求；二是科举制产生后对教育的推动以及科举考试带来的文献批量复制的需求；三是普通百姓日常生活常用之物如日历、字书等需求增加。因此,雕版印刷技术的应用与普及,与其说是技术发展的结果,不如说是社会发展的结果。从已知雕版印刷的实物及相关文献来分析,我国用雕版印刷术印制图书,至迟在唐初已出现并被广泛应用；开始可能是用捺印的方式来印制,后来随着印制内容的复杂化,逐渐过渡到刷印的方式。参考文献34。 |
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