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176 Journal of Library Science in China, Vol.10, 2018

distribution of scientific tweets, English scientific tweets have the highest percentage. Languages
of scientific tweets are concentrated in English (91%), Japanese (2.4%) and Spanish (1.7%). In
comparison, languages of scientific publications are concentrated in English (94.2%), Chinese
(4.3%) and Turkish (0.4%), and the concentration is getting more skewed than before. ② From
the perspective of language distribution in disciplinary level, there exists disciplinary difference
in informal scientific communication, reflecting the different level of attention they have for
different disciplines. In comparison, language distribution of scientific publications in disciplinary
level reflects that certain countries have advantage in certain disciplines. ③ From the perspective
of language distribution in country level, English has undoubtedly become lingua franca for
informal scientific communication. Countries around the world, regardless of whether the native
language is English or not, have English scientific tweets in the dominant position while their
native language scientific tweets rank the second, except for Saudi Arabia. For all countries, the
top three languages have occupied over 95% of scientific tweets. The distribution also shows some
scientific and cultural difference, for example, in Japan, Japanese scientific tweets have similar
percentage as English scientific tweets. ④ From the perspective of language distribution for
publications of different languages, scientific tweets are concentrated for publications of English,
Germany, Japanese, French, Portuguese and Spanish, while Chinese and Turkish publications of
high percentage receive no scientific tweets, indicating publications of these two languages obtain
low attention in informal scientific communication.
Although scientific tweet is an important form of informal scientific communication on Twitter,
it cannot represent informal scientific communication from all scientists, and there are also other
forms of scientific communication on Twitter. China has restricted the use of Twitter, so China is
not in the scope of analysis of language distribution in country level.
The study quantitatively measures the language distribution of informal scientific
communication. With detailed statistical analysis from country level, disciplinary level and
language level, the author points out that English has also become the lingua franca in informal
scientific communication.

A study on the two typical types of american public libraries rating

〇a*
LI Dan〇
There are generally two types of public libraries rating systems: rating ranking and compliance
ratings. In the United States, the ranking of public libraries are usually organized by independent
research institutes or academic organizations such as the Hennen’s American Public Library
Ratings (HAPLR) system and the American Star Libraries (LJ Index); while the compliance

* Correspondence should be addressed to LI Dan, Email: lidan@nlc.cn, ORCID: 0000-0002-1866-8354