Page 120 - Journal of Library Science in China, Vol.45, 2019

ZHANG Chengzhi, LI Zhuo, ZHAO Mengyuan, LIU Jiahao & ZHOU Qingqing / Citing behavior of Chinese books based on citation content 119

1.1 Related work about citation location

Scientific literatures usually have a certain section structure, and citation location is the position
of citation content in the structure of citing literatures (Wang, J.X. Ma, Chen, & L.B. Zhang,
2016). Citation location can be used to reveal citation rules among disciplines. Sombatsompop,
Kositchaiyong, Markpin, and Inrit (2006) regarded citation location as an important factor in
evaluating citation quality of academic articles. They divided citation locations into four types,
such as Introduction, Experimental & Materials, Results & Discussions, Conclusion & Others, and
proved that citations in the Results & Discussions section were more significant than those in the
Introduction section.Catalini, Lacetera, and Oettl (2015) divided a section structure into four parts:
Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, and Other. By analyzing negative
citations in 15,731 articles in the Journal of Immunology from 1998 to 2007, they found that about
84% of negative citations appeared in the Results and Discussion section. Bertin and Atanassova
(2016) selected 80,000 research articles published in seven PLoS academic journals and identified
negative citations based on clue words. The results showed that about 72% of negative citations
occurred in the Discussion section, followed by the Results section (about 14%), which was
consistent with findings of Catalini et al. (2015). M.Y. Zhang, C. Lu, Zheng, and C.Z. Zhang (2016)
divided citation locations into six sections: Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Results,
Discussion and Conclusion, when constructing data sets for citation content analysis. They extracted
3,414 academic articles published in six different disciplines of PLoS One from 2006 to 2015, and
obtained 5,320 citation contents. They found that most citations concentrated in the Introduction
section. Jurgens, Kumar, Hoover, McFarland, and Jurafsky (2018) divided the article structure
into eight sections: Introduction, Related Work, Motivation, Methodology, Evaluation, Results,
Discussion and Conclusion, so as to analyze distribution characteristics of citation functions in each
section. It was found that background citations were mainly in the Introduction, Related Work and
Motivation sections, while use citations were mainly in the Methodology and Evaluation sections.
It can be seen from existing research that researchers have different conclusions on classification
system and distribution of citation locations. The reasons mainly include two aspects. Firstly,
researchers have different standards and perspectives for division of citation locations. Secondly,
data sets used in research vary in disciplines or scales. Based on comprehensive analysis of existing
research results, this paper divided citation locations into seven sections: Introduction, Related
Work, Data, Methodology, Experiment, Discussion and Conclusion, and analyzed distribution
differences of citation locations in different disciplines.

1.2 Related work about citation intensity

A literature may cite one reference for several times, and multiple references may be cited in the
one citation content. Citation frequencies of references can reflect their importance. Hu (2014)