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012 Journal of Library Science in China, Vol.10, 2018

top 100 people in history (Skiena & Ward, 2013), more or less the same with statistics provided
by experts. Culturomics was proposed to delineate human culture more accurately by mining and
analyzing historical texts (Aiden & Michel, 2013). People may think that such things can only
be accomplished by programming professionals, whereas more and more open source software
can do complex computing(50 top free data mining software, 2017), such as CiteSpace (2017),
VOSviewer (2017) and Pajek (2017), the well-known software in Scientometrics.

2.3 Redefining knowledge expression

Knowledge begins to be expressed by mapping knowledge domains, a computable linking
mechanism. In 1989, Tim Lee, father of the Internet proposed that the Internet will connect not
only machines and files, but also knowledge objects (Berners-Lee, 1989).
Knowledge Graph (not Google product) is built by data acquisition, feature extraction, feature
alignment, entity resolution and graph construction (Knobleck, 2017), which enables object
recognition, text understanding, relation inference, machine learning, smart retrieval, data analysis,
problem solving, knowledge recommendation, knowledge management, and so on. (Haase, 2017),
and also smart application.
At present, it is fundamental for publishers and knowledge service providers to construct and
apply mapping knowledge domains. For example, Springer Nature launched SciGraph (2017)
which links journal articles, additional data, datasets, books, bibliographies, patents, clinical trials,
organizations, conferences, authors, subject domains, funding projects and even usage number.
Elsevier also built Elsevier knowledge graph that links ideas, data, materials and software to be a
flexible knowledge management system (de Waard, 2017). Moreover, many mapping knowledge
domains allow third-party applications, such as Schma.org, FrameBase (2017), Cognonto (2017)
and UMLS (2017).
The emergence of mapping knowledge domains in large numbers poses challenges, which
demands the fusion of applications based on various mapping knowledge domains and various
knowledge environments (Snidaro, Garcia, & Linas, 2017). The integration approach of mapping
knowledge domains needs to be evaluated on the level of underlying data, objects, scenario,
effects and procedures, including mapping, matching & alignment, merging (Café, 2017). The
top-to-bottom design is also possible, which utilizes knowledge ontology to define perceptible
information (such as space, time, events, behaviors, behavior objects, methods and process) and
their relationships (W3C, 2017).

2.4 Redefining knowledge literacy and abilities

Data analytics based on mapping knowledge domains may become basic facilities to support
targeted healthcare, smart agriculture, advanced manufacture, learning analysis and smart cities,