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010 Journal of Library Science in China, Vol.10, 2018

and reuse knowledge more efficiently. In fact, it is the basic mode of smart transportation, smart
agriculture, smart medicine and smart cities: perception+transaction processing+interaction+basic
knowledge, which is the bedrock of intelligent operation.

2 From data era to computing era

The rapid development of knowledge environment often makes us feel at loose ends. The saying
“Knowledge is power” seems to be reflected only on artificial intelligence. Reviewing those things
that we are familiar with, we can find that the new knowledge environment provide us with great
opportunities.

2.1 Reexamining reading and libraries services

1) Reexamining reading. We enjoy and will keep on enjoying slow reading. We recognize and
keep on making advantage of intellectual thinking. In the environment of mass information,
intense competition, interconnection and uncertain explorations, with regard to weak information
which is obscure and lacking in path, we need to discover and link massive knowledge, make
clear knowledge and its structure, identify problems and their relationships, and explore possible
trends and path. Therefore, we need to do summary reading, analysis reading, constructive reading,
discovery reading to fill the knowledge gap and comprehensive reading to solve specific problems.
In such a case, reading becomes an active and interactive process of exploration and construction,
which incorporates the whole process from data, information, knowledge, intelligence and finally
to solutions (Zhang, 2011). Isolated knowledge is no longer desirable.
2) Reexamining collection. Library collection, no matter physical collection or virtual collection
is knowledge aggregation. When the aggregation is digitalized (not only cataloging records, but
also content), the collection becomes digitalized and computable. The Library of Congress (LC)
(2017) has released its vocabularies, coding schemes and authority files as open linked data to
support full catalog computing. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) makes
its Medline database semantic, which enables analysis of concepts and their relationships in
biomedical articles, and knowledge discovery (Rindflesch, Fiszmanm, & Kilicoglu, 2017). The
British Library (BL) endeavors to create a linked data version of the National Bibliography (Wilson,
2013). The BL’s Collection Metadata Strategy also tries to make collection computable and smart
(British Library, 2015).
3) Reexamining information services. Scientific research has come to the new normal state,
too. Interdisciplinary research, transformational research, cooperative research, strategic research,
crowdsourcing research and citizen science research coexist, which puts forward new requirements
for knowledge discovery, mining and utilization. In education, research based studies, project
based studies and group discussing studies have become fundamental in international first-