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008 Journal of Library Science in China, Vol.10, 2018

put forward that the future of digital publishing would be GitHub. As the authority of Internet
technologies and policies, W3C (2017) held the publishing summit in November 2017, discussing
how Web technologies are shaping publishing today, tomorrow, and beyond.
2) We are transitioning from information environment to data environment. From the
perspectives of digitalization and computers, all the content, mediums and publications can be
considered as data collection, including numerical data, texts, charts, images, formulas, audios
and videos, methods, process, tools, relationships, interactions, results and so on. All the data
objects can be digitalized, structured, analyzed semantically, labeled and linked to be logical and
linked knowledge objects. All the knowledge objects can be computed, reorganized, blended
and recreated. These objects can also interact with users to form new data and knowledge. Then
data objects of various types become explicit, fundamental and primary knowledge objects, and
semantic publishing becomes default and requisite (OntoTexts, 2017). Consequently, knowledge
products are indispensable to databases and knowledge tools, and also knowledge learning and
application is indispensable to knowledge creation. Any knowledge can develop to be KaaS
(Knowledge as a Service), a knowledge service platform with systematic definitions. In addition,
knowledge learning, application and services move towards machine-driven or machine-assisted.

1.3 The new normal state of knowledge resources and environment

The cognition of knowledge and knowledge system limited to publishing is being subverted. The
publishing that we are familiar with is actually a manifestation of knowledge communication
in one of its phases. Originated from research, learning and management of users, knowledge is
presented in multiple forms and exchanged by multiple mechanisms, which drives the complex
knowledge system.
1) Digital research is creating a new knowledge system. In the research process, information
on plans, programs, participators, methods, facilities, process and results are communicated
informally or formally. At present, all these information can be produced, distributed and linked
digitally to form different knowledge aggregation according to subjects, programs, institutions,
personnel, among others. Moreover, information in accordance with various objectives and steps
can be merged (see Figure 1, CC_BY) to form a comprehensive knowledge system that supports
scientific research and exchange (Center for Open Science, 2017).
2) Digital education also helps the development of new digital knowledge system. Modern
education is transforming from passive infusion characterized by teachers, textbooks and
classrooms to knowledge exploration, reorganization and creation based on the internet and
characterized by questions-driven, interaction and rich media. The connected classroom based on
the internet combines course websites, network classrooms, multimedia teaching materials, mobile
teaching and discussing groups, and supports online digital and interactive teaching (Majcher,
2015). The flipped classroom (2017) concentrates more on studies based on questions and projects.